Mental Health review tribunals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mental Health review tribunals - Essay Example To ensure the protection from the evils of such disorder world legal forum set mental health tribunals to justify human rights for all irrespective of gender, race, territory and mental condition. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Subject to the Conditions as an introduction to the Mental Health Act, and as a suggestive source for people with mental health needs, professional workers and others encounter with these Acts. The Mental Health Act 1983 governs the admission of people to psychiatric hospital against their will, their rights while detained, discharge from hospital, and aftercare in England and Wales. Aprt from the philanthropic attitude there is criticism that the Act itself is not well organized, which is written in language that can be hard to follow for certain complications of the descrip tion of the legitimate proposition. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, which received Royal Assent in November 2004, contains a number of measures to extend the Government's program of improving services and support to victims of certain criminal offences from prison to hospital for psychiatric treatment, as well as offenders subject to hospital orders with restriction orders. Custodial remand remains ironic when convicted of a sexual or violent offence are then made subject of a hospital order as found unfit to plead and to have committed the act, and been charged, or not guilty because of insanity. They direct the admission to hospital of patients transferred from prison, and consider recommendations from Responsible Medical Officers in hospitals for leave, transfer or discharge of restricted patients. MHU also prepare documentation for Mental Health Review Tribunals (MHRTs), and monitor patients. For each new case, including transferred prisoners, the Victim Liais on Officer (VLO) do contact the MHU caseworker. Imperial evidences furnished through Mental Health Review Tribunals say a detained restricted patient may apply to have their cases heard by a MHRT once each year. If the patient does not apply, the Home Secretary would refer their case to a Tribunal every three years. The Tribunal will consider whether the individual needs to be detained in hospital for the purposes of mental health treatment. Liason officers should consult victims about their representations relating to discharge conditions and forward them to the Tribunal Office by the specified date. The document state that victims should be made aware that no guarantees can be given that any representations they make will not be disclosed to the patient. In fact, the expectation is that all documents are disclosed to the patient and the circumstances in which documents can be withheld are very limited. Rule 12 of the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 allows the Tribunal to withhold any document from the patient if they co nsider that disclosure would adversely affect the health or welfare of the patient or

Economist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economist - Assignment Example Marshall started with metaphysics, specifically "the philosophical foundation of knowledge, especially in relation to theology." The Metaphysics led Alfred to ethics, specifically a Sidgwickian version of utilitarianism; ethics, on the other hand, led Alfred to economics. This was so because economics played an essential role in the provision of the preconditions for the improvement of the working class. Marshall’s ethical views continued to be a dominant force in his thinking even though he turned to economics (Marshall & Palgrave Connect, 2013). During his time, Marshall was viewed as the most influential economist. In his book Principles of Economics (1881), Marshall brought out the ideas of supply and demand, marginal utility and cost of production into a single whole. As an extension to what he had done, he brought up the elasticity price of demand. He in addition, contributed to the economic welfare both consumer surplus and producer surplus. He developed the standard demand and supply graph which demonstrates a number of basics that regards demand and supply including market equilibrium, law of diminishing returns, supply and demand curves, law of marginal returns, interrelationship between price and quantity with respect to demand and supply, and the ideas of producer and consumer surpluses (Marshall & Palgrave Connect, 2013). Economists now use this model in various forms using different variables in demonstrating several other economic principles. Ideas and theories that could only be explained in words can now be r epresented visually with the help of this model. Marshall’s models are now critical throughout the study of economics simply because they allow fundamentals or theories being explained to be represented clearly and concisely (Marshall & Palgrave Connect, 2013). Marshall had a vision of dramatic social change which involves the sharp reduction of inequality and the elimination of poverty. He saw that it was

Child Abuse: Effects and outcomes

Child Abuse: Effects and outcomes Child Abuse is defined as endangerment to a child inflicted by another person, usually the caregiver Leiter 1 and includes physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and neglect. Child abuse can be brought on by any one at any time. The purpose of this paper is to overview the four previously stated types of abuse, their effects on children, the legal aspects of child abuse, and dealing with abuse. Child abuse is prevalent in almost every culture across the world and has been a problem for as long as there was recorded history. People used to abuse their children with razor straps and no one thought anything of it. Leiter 1 It is only recently that citizens became aware of what a problem abuse could be. Physical Abuse: Physical abuse can be classified as any attempt or harm to a child where the caregiver was conscience of the risk before the fact. Physical abuse refers to non accidental injury to a child. 2 Physical abuse is extremely dangerous to the child and can cause permanent physical and mental disabilities. In cases where maltreatment was substantiated 26 percent of victims suffered from physical abuse nation wide. 3 Mayo Clinic In the Gallup Monthly Poll of 1000 randomly selected American parents, Over half of the parents said they administered minor physical punishment during the past year, while 22 percent said they use severe physical punishment. 3 Mayo Clinic This physical punishment does not work as effectively as other types of punishment and strictly speaking is illegal. It is much better to choose a punishment that will fit the action, for example if a child has a fight over the TV, take away TV privileges. Corporal punishment is usually administered when the parent is being brash and hasnt had time to cool down from the childs misbehavior. 1 Leiter Sexual Abuse: Sexual abuse refers to any sexual behavior between a child and an adult or an older, bigger, or more powerful person, for that persons sexual gratification. 2 Sexual abuse, while still completely horrible, is often times blown completely out of scale and is the most advertised type of abuse 1 Leiter. Sex abuse ranges from unwanted kisses to inappropriate touching to sexual intercourse. 4 pg. 107 Only 14 percent of cases where maltreatment was substantiated did victims suffer from sexual abuse in the United States. 3 Mayo Clinic Sexual abuse is often times kept hidden more than other types of abuse. Children are forced and threatened not to tell any one of the encounters because of the social humiliation of being involved in sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is the only type of abuse that occurs equally across socio-economic barriers 1 Leiter. Emotional Abuse: Emotional abuse refers to a chronic attitude or behavior directed at a child, or the creation of an emotional environment, which is seriously detrimental to or impairs the childs psychological and or physical development. 2 This type of abusive behavior can bring down an individuals feeling of self worth and self-esteem. It leaves victims feeling inadequate helpless or worthless 4 health book The result of emotional abuse is often that the child will either run away or withdraw socially 1Leiter Emotional abuse is the least common type of abuse that was substantiated by Mayo Clinic with only 5 percent of cases of maltreatment. The Gallup Poll Monthly recorded that Nine out of ten parents said that they shouted at their children 3 Mayo Clinic Neglect: Neglect is often thought of as the most dangerous type of abuse. Neglect refers to any serious omission or commission by a person which jeopardizes or impairs the childs psychological, intellectual, or physical development 2 Neglect includes anything from leaving children alone for long periods of time to not giving them the correct health care to not giving the child enough to eat. Fifty-three percent of victims of maltreatment that were substantiated suffered from neglect. 3 Mayo Clinic Moreover neglect often requires difficult-to-accumulate evidence of a pattern of failure in care giving before being substantiated, whereas physical or sexual abuse may require only one trip to the hospital 5 Social Work Research pg. 68 Neglect is directly related to poverty 1 Leiter This is because poverty is a stressor due to the fact that those in poverty must work much harder to get basic commodities so caregivers can not always spend time with their children. Legal Aspects of Child Abuse: It is illegal to abuse any child physically, emotionally, sexually, or through neglect. This law was put into place to prevent people from being child abusers. It is also illegal for a person not to report if they suspect child abuse. Any person who has cause to suspect that any juvenile is abused or neglected must report that to the Director of Social Services in the county where the child resides or is found. The report may be made orally by telephone, or in writing, and shall include the name and address of the child; the nature or extent of any injury or condition resulting from abuse or neglect; and any other relevant information. 6 Attorney Generals webpage reads the North Carolina Statute Section 7A-543 titled DUTY TO REPORT CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT. This law overrules even physician-patient privileges. Effect of Abuse on children: School Outcomes: Abusing children directly affects their performance in school. According to a study published in Social Work Research students who are abused consistently do worse on CAT standardized tests, grade point averages, proportion who dropped out when eligible, mean annual absences, proportion of possible behavior problems and retentions, and proportion with delinquency complaints 5 Social Work Research pg. 75 Dealing with Abuse: When dealing with any type of Abuse one should immediately seek help at one of the many abuse prevention centers across the nation. Daniel D. Broughton, MD, says Intervention aims to stabilize the family and improve its functioning, to teach parenting and coping skills, to retain an intact family with appropriate services and a good follow-up, families often improve greatly. 3 Mayo Clinic Child abuse is a dangerous disease that can destroy families and communities if it is not stopped. The impact of abuse reaches all levels of a child’s emotions. The two most common emotions are confusion and guilt. Confusion is usually the initial reaction of the child. They will usually wonder what is going on or if this is right or wrong. For a young child these types of questions can be a huge burden on their physiological development. Once the abuse begins the victim experiences a tremendous conflict with their emotions. They feel pleasant due to the attention they are receiving from the parent, as well as the sensual pleasure. On the other hand they experience pain, guilt, and anger for what is being done to them. The question if this is right or wrong is the greatest conflict within the child’s mind. The abuse feels so wrong yet the abuser insists its okay, taking advantage of the child’s mistrust and naivety. Below are the thoughts of an abused victim as she thinks back to her abuse and questions her father. It is an example of this mistrust as well as the confusion which goes through a child’s mind. Since I was a little ten-year-old child, I had to deceive and hide from the world and my mother that my father took a sexual interest in me. Remember how you taught me that art of deceit First you put me in a situation that had to be kept a secret then you pledged me to secrecyAs a ten- year-old child, what was I supposed to do You are an intelligent man-you figure out the options available to a ten-year-old in that position. Dolan 58 Guilt is also a huge emotional trip for the child. The abused will feel tremendous guilt for a numerous reasons: they feel they did nothing to stop the abuse therefore they are responsible and it should continue, they felt uncomfortable but the abuse was sometimes pleasurable, or they somehow deserved and or caused the abuse. A victim will usually feel this way when their self-esteem has diminished and they have no more answers for what is happening. The following quote illustrates that guilt makes the child unable to clearly see reality. It also gives insight into the mind of the abused. A nine-year-old girl had a nightmare and went to her father’s room for comfort but instead he sexually abused her. The girl then concluded that she caused the abuse by going to his room. The abuse thereafter continued and she now felt she deserved for it to continue. Green 24 Another major source of guilt comes from the mother. Often when the mother is told about the abuse she will not want to believe the accusations and will blame the child. Other reasons for why the mother may pass guilt are that she may feel weak and unable to challenge the husbands’ actions and therefore she looks over the husbands faults and looks to the child for blame and or the mother doesnt want to lose her husband. She does not want to give up the security provided by her husband and will block out the abuse. For these reasons much of the child abuse in the United States and else where goes unreported and continues. Reports show that out of the one to two million children abused every year in the United States only about half that number is reported to anyone. Man cases are the most common cases that go unreported, less than 30 by current estimates. Also about 11,120 of those cases reported have been because of the death of the child. The amount of child abuse is staggering to think about, let alone deal with. By the age of eighteen one in three girls will have been sexually molested and one in six boys will have been molested in that same age. These include physical abuse, sexual abuse, mental abuse and neglect. Lesar 419 One reason why abuse is on the up rise every year could be that families are undergoing a number of important structural changes. Families are smaller than in the past, with fewer children and sometimes with only one parent; parents have children at a later age; more couples live together without the being married. All these factors could in some way contribute to the family value system tumbling downward. Lesar 421 Physical abuse has many forms. It may involve the hitting or kicking of a child with the fists or the feet, or with another object; such as belts, shovels, changes, ropes, electric cords, leather straps, canes, baseball bats, sticks, broom handles, or assorted large objects. Other forms of abuse include the pouring of scalding water on a child’s body, holding a child’s head under the water of a toilet bowl, stuffed into running washing machines, throwing a child against a wall, shaking a child with extreme force or placing parts of a child’s anatomy on hot or burning objects to cause pain. Sometimes in extreme cases the shaking of a child with such extreme force as an aggressive abuser possesses can cause severe brain damage as the brain is crushed from repeated impact against the skull. This type of injury is especially damaging in babies and small children. Many times when physical abuse is caused by a parent or guardian, the child is not taken for medical help , even when wounds or injuries are very severe. When they are taken into the hospital it is usually be a secondary member of the family, one who may not have caused the abuse but did not stop it either. This type of person might be called a facilitator. Physical abuse is termed sexual abuse when it involves the display or touching of genitalia or anything which is not a comfortable part of a normal person to person contact. This brings us to our next form of child abuse, that of Sexual or exploitive abuse. Sexual abuse is described as those activities by an older person for his or her sexual gratification without consideration for the child’s psycho-social sexual development. Also, as contacts or interactions between a child and an individual of higher power when the child is being used for the sexual stimulation of that adult or another. Smith 9 There are many categories of sexual abuse, these include; incest, pedophilia, exhibitionism, molestation, sex statutory rape, sexual sadism, and child pornography. It is estimated that approximately three hundred thousand children are involved in child prostitution and pornography. Smith 9 Many times men or woman who abuse children were abused when they were young. Sexual abuse was n ot as much of a problem as it is in modern times. Incidences of sexual abuse are highest in urbanized technologically advanced societies. Sexual abuse can have severe consequences on the mental development of a child. Mental Abuse of a child can involve several different activities. These can involved the common verbal forms: yelling, neglect, constant insults, etc. They also involve certain forms of mental torture and neglect. Mental abuse is one of the most damaging forms of abuse, because unlike rape or other forms of sexual or physical abuse, mental abuse will be with you all of your life. I would offer this analogy to shed light what I am trying to communicate here. Physical and sexual abuse is like roadblocks in the road of life. They are there for a while, but you get over them eventually. Mental abuse, on the other hand, catalyzes the disillusion of the view of the street. If someone is always insulting you, always telling you that you are no good: then with time, your mind becomes accustomed to it, and begins to believe it. This especially is a damaging consequence for young children and infants, who are as dependent upon mental support as they are for their physiological needs. It is an utter violation of such a relationship. Mental abuse not only affects the child, and the family, but society as a whole. Neglect is the most prevalent form of child maltreatment. A recent Study prepared by the American Humane Association states that, nationwide, neglect consistently has accounted for the greatest number of maltreatment reports; in 1998 alone it represented sixty three percent of the approximately two million cases of reported incidents of the three predominant forms of child maltreatment: physical abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Steinbach 8 Neglect is the unlawful withholding of a child’s basic needs: Food, Water, Shelter, Clothing. All these are all things that a child needs to live an effective life in today’s society. To deny a child these things is to leave him lower on the ladder of needs than he or she would conceivably be otherwise. Neglect is by far more prominent than any other forms of child maltreatment, but, continually it is the least prominent in child abuse advertising schemes . This quote by Andrew Vachss accurately sums up what is said in this essay: The effect that child abuse has not just on the victims, but on their subsequent victims and on society as a whole, is, in my judgment, far more devastating than the threat of drugs, of political upheaval, of economic disaster, or of environmental destruction I really think that child abuse is the most significant threat not just to the quality of life in this country, but to life in this country. Kesegich, p.33 Child abuse has always been around, and it always will be around as long as other people care more about themselves, than about others. References Lesar, Jenny. Abuse, Black birch Press Inc, 1999. Kesegich, Ken. In Defense of Children, National Press. February, 1990. Steinbach, Alice. Neglect: the most prevalent form of child maltreatment, Honolulu Star- Bulletic Advertiser, 1999. Dolan, Edward F. Big book of abuse, Rodale Press, 1999. Smith, Lisa. Emotions and Effects of Abuse, Rodale Press, 1999. Green, Victor. Child Abuse: National Problem, News Week, 1999. Pruitt, B.E. ed. Health: Skills For Wellness, Needham: 1994 Kirk, Stuart A. Social Work Research, Washington D.C.: 1994 Tabachnick, Joan. Because There Is a Way to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse: Facts About Abuse and Those That Might Commit It, The Safer Society Press, 1998. Mitchell, Juliann W. Rape of the Innocent: Understanding and Preventing Child Sexual Abuse, Taylor Francis, 2000.

The Causes of Self Hatred and How to Combat It :: Essays Papers

The Causes of Self Hatred and How to Combat It Every other ethnic background seems to stand up for itself and demand respect when it is being discriminated against. If we look back over the history of this country we will find group after group that defend their rights. Groups that do not want to be portrayed in a negative light within the culture and groups that insist upon compensation for what Americans and the American society has done to them. Why, then, when we look at Italian Americans, do we tend to see a group of people who in effect renounce who they are and do not embrace their heritage? There are many reasons for this quite common denouncement. The first is an attempt to assimilate. â€Å"By 1930, more than 4.5 million Italians had entered the United States,†; that is, a third of the population left Italy within the fifty years leading up to 1930 (Mangione 33). These Italians immigrated to this country with the hope that they would find food, jobs and financial security. Instead, they found, often times, worse conditions than they had left behind in Italy. This humungous population was the largest immigration from any one country to ever enter the United States. These people were in need and when they arrived they were ready to work and to earn their wages, which could lead to comfort and happiness. They came in hopes of finding â€Å"the American dream.† As a whole, this group was not looking for handouts, but merely for opportunities. Unfortunately, they were met with opposition. As the History Channel’s documentary on Italian Americans states, Italians were told that in America they would find â€Å"streets paved with gold, only to arrive and realize they had to dig the streets.† So, these immigrants picked up shovels and went to work. But they quickly found opposition to their efforts. The Irish, who had come a few years prior to the Italians, did not appreciate the Italians’ willingness to perform hard labor jobs for small wages. The Irish began to feel threatened and soon a rivalry rose between the two groups. This was unfortunate, for both groups, because they were both primarily Catholic. But, this common ground became a divider and not a connector between the two groups.

Principles of communication in adult social care settings Essay

Assignment overview In this assignment, you will complete tasks to demonstrate your knowledge of the importance of effective communication in adult social care settings, and ways to overcome barriers to meet individual needs, wishes and preferences in communication. You will also address the principles and practices relating to confidentiality. Tasks There are two tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Case study This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 B Case study 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 Task B Case study You are a social care worker and a service user, Hannah, tells you that she is unhappy taking her new medication as she thinks she does not need it and so she is throwing it away. You know from her care plan that Hannah does need to take the medication regularly and gets confused. Hannah begs you to keep this confidential and not tell anyone especially her daughter, who she sees regularly, as her daughter will be very angry. Bi How would you explain the term ‘confidentiality’ to Hannah? Marks Confidentiality means that what ever you tell me will be kept in the strictest security however it may need to be told to a select few people to ensure your safety and that of the people around you. It would not be told to anyone that does not need to know. Bii Identify the range of people who may need to know about Hannah’s situation, and describe any tensions that may occur if the information is shared. Marks The people that would need to be informed of the service users condition could include line manager, regular carers, doctors, social worker and family members but only if relevant permission is granted by service user or law. This may cause tension in the family if they feel it is there right to know what is going on with the service user even when there is no consent from service user or legally. Biii Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication. Read more:  Describe Strategies That Can Be Used to Clarify Misunderstandings Marks Ensure you only talk about the service user when it is required with the correct people and that it is essential that if communication is need to do it somewhere discrete and a level that is appropriate. Biv Explain when and how a social care worker should get advice about confidentiality. Marks A care worker can seek advice from their line manager, overall manager within their organisation if they feel a breach can or has occured. Or a carer can go to Citizens Advice Bureau, Government websites or CQC if they feel they can’t get the correct advice from the office and it has not been resolved . Assignment 301 Principles of communication in adult social care settings Question Booklet Task A Question and Answers Ai Identify four different reasons why people communicate. Marks The four reasons why someone may want to communicate could be: to express wants and needs, maintain relationships, feel part of society and ensure a content level of well-being. Aii Explain how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between: a) Colleagues and other professionals Marks b) Individuals using the service and their carers Marks Effective communication is essential to maintaining the quality of life that a care user requires to enable them to stay at home and be safe. If there is any need to talk to other members of the care team it should be done in a professional and timely manner. If this isn’t adhered to clients well-being can be impacted on Effective communication between service user and carer is a day to day issue that has to be effective. If communication is not maintained a service user may lose trust and confidence leading into a break down in the relationship. Thus leading to a detrimental impact on the client. Also is good communication is not followed mistakes could occur. Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Marks Method How effective is this method? _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 1. Talk to the individual involved to see what they need and require, this is a pretty efficient method as long as the individual has their full mental  capacity. _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 2. Liaise with the family or NOK to establish the requirements, this is useful if the individual has any form of dementia, confusion or presents very well when denying when care is needed. _____________________________ ______________________________________________ 3. Put it down in writing so that all people involved can see it, follow it and discuss. If everone is following the same instructions its easier to follow ____________________________ _______________________________________________ Aiv Describe three factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Marks Three impacting factors could be the appropriate language used, the volume, pitch, tone of voice and the body language used whilst trying to communicate. Av Describe three verbal and three non verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult care setting. Marks Verbal Non verbal _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 1. volume eye contact _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 2. pitch positioning to client _____________________________ ______________________________________________ 3 language used posture ____________________________ _______________________________________________ Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication. Marks To show the person that you are involved with the conversation, show them that what they are saying is important, interact and to make sure you actually take in what they are saying and not just hearing them Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence their communication methods. Marks A persons background can lead to a few differences but one of these can be the type of language used, e.g. colloquial slang or swearing Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier How it can be overcome _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 1.Deafness: You could use a communication board to convey the conversation or use basic sign language to get the meaning across. _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 2.Blindness: Ensure you are describing what you are going to do, before and during the interaction so they are aware of what your doing and where you are in relation to the service user. _____________________________ ______________________________________________ 3.Dementia: Slow your speech, clearly talk and use more simple language but do this without talking down and being patronising. ____________________________ _______________________________________________ Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstandings. Marks Apologise for any misunderstandings and you could either reiterate any instructions given and ensure clarity or write it down to ensure all is clearly shown. Ax A social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or services that may be helpful. Marks They could talk to a social worker, doctor or community liaison to find any  information out on any service they think maybe compatible with the service user

No such thing as one best way summary Essay

a. What are the authors trying to do in writing this? Whilst this is not empirical research and relies solely on theoretical arguments, Burns does demonstrate the shortcomings of the change contingency model. He attempts to show that organisations have choices which are not utilised which results in significant, negative, implications. b. What are the authors saying which is relevant to what I want to find out? Change could be planned but only in a stable environment. Change, in this situation would be, incremental, not transformational, and ignorant of a more direct approach and presumes that common agreements are reached. However Burns suggest the emergent approach is more important in turbulent environments and situations. He also argues that change is part of learning not just the opportunity to create something new. This idea does link to the contingency theory such that organisations and leaders can manipulate contingencies to align with their own styles and agendas. This is a negative aspect which could be viewed as morally incorrect. Change approaches must match the environment and situation though exercising choice base on alternatives not a single best way. c. How convincing is the author’s argument? Although not empirically based this is a good argument. Burns has a very good reputation in the field of change leadership/management. However it would be necessary to find additional evidence to support or counter these views. The RAVEN test is passed as there is no empirical research therefore we can imply that this paper is simply an academic view. d. In conclusion, what use can I make of this? This could be linked to the paper by Zhu et al to show how transformational leadership can be a good approach to ensure moral decision making and actions are present when dealing with emergent change as this requires a number of contingencies which leaders and followers could use too support long term organisational change.